{"id":3276,"date":"2019-09-04T15:39:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-04T15:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/?p=3276"},"modified":"2026-04-22T13:45:43","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T13:45:43","slug":"selecting-materials-for-vacuum-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/blog\/selecting-materials-for-vacuum-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Selecting Materials for Manufacturing Vacuum Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3276\" class=\"elementor elementor-3276\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-372d53ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"372d53ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-49776d28\" data-id=\"49776d28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75d08417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75d08417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p>Material selection is crucial in all aspects of a vacuum system, especially when using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/precision-fabrication\/\">precision fabrication<\/a> equipment to build vacuum chambers. Vacuum chambers play a big role in precision fabrication where maintaining controlled environments is essential for processes. In a vacuum vessel, the walls must be strong enough to withstand the pressure difference of the system pressure and the external atmosphere. The vessel material in a vacuum system must be able to be joined to other materials to create valves, flanges and feedthroughs.<\/p>\n<p>Additional materials are also needed to create leak-tight seals at connection points for system components.<\/p>\n<h2>What Materials Are Best for Vacuum Systems?<\/h2>\n<p>The best materials for vacuum systems depend on pressure range, sealing requirements, outgassing limits, thermal expansion, and corrosion resistance. Common vacuum-compatible materials include stainless steel, copper, ceramics, Kovar, and selected elastomers, depending on the application.<\/p>\n<h2>What Properties Matter Most in Vacuum System Materials?<\/h2>\n<h3>Core Material Requirements<\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wide temperature tolerance<\/li>\n<li>Similar thermal expansion rates<\/li>\n<li>Low outgassing rate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Other Desirable Material Traits<\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>High strength<\/li>\n<li>Elasticity<\/li>\n<li>Electrical conduction or insulation<\/li>\n<li>Thermal conduction or insulation<\/li>\n<li>Non-magnetic<\/li>\n<li>Low volatility<\/li>\n<li>Low chemical reactivity<\/li>\n<li>Radiation resistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>How Does Vacuum Level Affect Material Selection?<\/h2>\n\n<p>In material selection, machinability, leak-tightness of welded or brazed joints and corrosion resistance are important considerations. Pressure range is also a factor when selecting vessel wall materials.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For ultra-high vacuum, the density and purity of melted and cast materials is highly useful, however it\u2019s also relatively expensive.<\/li>\n<li>In high-vacuum systems, drawn, rolled and pressed materials work well, but be aware they may exhibit leaks in the rolling direction.<\/li>\n<li>Cast materials are cost-effective and suitable in fine and coarse vacuum systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>What Materials Are Commonly Used in Vacuum System Design and Fabrication?<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Different Materials Used in Vacuum System Design and Fabrication<\/h3>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Materials-Blog-Photo.webp 425w, https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Materials-Blog-Photo-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" type=\"image\/webp\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Materials-Blog-Photo.jpg\" height=\"242\" width=\"425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Materials-Blog-Photo.jpg 425w, https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Materials-Blog-Photo-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" class=\"wp-image-3277 sp-no-webp\" alt=\"vacuum chamber materials\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\"  > <\/picture><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stainless Steel<\/h3>\n\n<p>(Particularly 304 SST) widely used for vacuum vessels and vacuum chambers in precision fabrication \u2013 high-strength, suitable for wide temperature changes, doesn\u2019t easily oxidize and may be joined by welding or brazing.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Copper<\/h3>\n\n<p>(Particularly OFHC \u2013 oxygen-free, high conductivity) commonly used for gasket seals and feedthroughs \u2013 doesn\u2019t outgas much, withstands wide temperature changes, excellent conductor of electricity and heat, may be joined by welding or brazing, relatively soft with few microscopic leak paths and may be nickel-plated to improve its chemical resistance.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ceramics<\/h3>\n\n<p>Excellent insulator for electricity and heat, fragile but has great compressive strength, low thermal expansion rate and may be brazed to other materials in the system.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kovar<\/h3>\n\n<p>Magnetic alloy composed of 54 percent iron, 29 percent nickel, and 17 percent cobalt \u2013 intermediate material used to join glass-to-metal or ceramic-to-metal through brazing. Coefficient of expansion is between that of ceramics and stainless steel and provides vacuum-tight seal between materials even in extreme temperatures.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elastomers<\/h3>\n\n<p>Commonly used for gasket seals \u2013 flexible but not compressible, soft, high elasticity (and therefore reusable), permeability may make them unsuitable for UHV systems, generally permeable to helium, which can complicate leak testing. Specific examples:<\/p>\n\n<h4>Buna-N<\/h4>\n<p>Buna-N is a synthetic rubber that\u2019s inexpensive, resistant to helium, and useful in applications that are not heated about 80 C.<\/p>\n<h4>Viton<\/h4>\n<p>Viton is widely used for O-rings, valve seal, and gaskets in temperatures up to 150 C. Low outgassing makes it suitable for both high and ultrahigh vacuum systems.<\/p>\n<h4>Polyimide<\/h4>\n<p>Polyimide is a substitute for Viton in slightly higher temperature applications (up to 200 C). Requires more sealing pressure than other elastomers, but is also more resistant to radiation. Absorbs water.<\/p>\n<h4>Silicone<\/h4>\n<p>Silicone is useful in vacuum furnace applications. Silicone compounds are able to withstand high temperatures but have poor outgassing rates and are permeable to helium and water.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 43px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Need Help Selecting Materials for a Vacuum System?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 43px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/contact-us\/\">Contact us today<\/a> to discuss your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/precision-fabrication\/custom-vacuum-chambers\/\">custom vacuum chamber<\/a> capabilities. Keller is here to support your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/precision-fabrication\/\">custom precision fabrication<\/a> and vacuum system requirements.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Material selection is crucial in all aspects of a vacuum system, especially when using precision fabrication equipment to build vacuum chambers. Vacuum chambers play a big role in precision fabrication where maintaining controlled environments is essential for processes. In a vacuum vessel, the walls must be strong enough to withstand the pressure difference of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[6,32,33],"class_list":["post-3276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-keller-technology","tag-material-selection","tag-vacuum-system"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Selecting Materials for Vacuum Systems<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to choose materials for vacuum systems based on pressure range, outgassing, thermal expansion, corrosion resistance, and sealing needs.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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selection is crucial in all aspects of a vacuum system, especially when using precision fabrication equipment to build vacuum chambers. Vacuum chambers play a big role in precision fabrication where maintaining controlled environments is essential for processes. In a vacuum vessel, the walls must be strong enough to withstand the pressure difference of the&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3276"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5783,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3276\/revisions\/5783"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kellertechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}